In re Russell Simms JOHNSON, and Alice Andrews Johnson, Debtors. Russell Simms Johnson, and Alice Andrews Johnson, Plaintiffs, v. United States of America (Internal Revenue Service), Defendant., United States Bankruptcy Court, N.D. Texas, Dallas Division., 283 B.R. 694, Bankruptcy No. 397-32761-HCA-7. Adversary No. 399-3154., May 12, 2000

In re Russell Simms JOHNSON, and Alice Andrews Johnson, Debtors. Russell Simms Johnson, and Alice Andrews Johnson, Plaintiffs, v. United States of America (Internal Revenue Service), Defendant.

United States Bankruptcy Court, N.D. Texas, Dallas Division.

283 B.R. 694

Bankruptcy No. 397-32761-HCA-7. Adversary No. 399-3154.

May 12, 2000.

Eric A. Liepins, Dallas, TX, for Debtors.

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

HAROLD C. ABRAMSON, Bankruptcy Judge.

Came before the Court for trial on De╜cember 10, 1999, the Complaint to Deter╜mine Dischargeability of Taxes ("Com╜plaint"), filed by the Debtors. The Court has jurisdiction over this adversary pro╜ceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. ╖╖ 1334 and 151, and the standing order of reference in this district. This Matter is a core pro╜ceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 157(b)(2)(A), (I) & (O). The Court makes the following findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7052:

Findings of Fact

1. The Plaintiffs filed this bankruptcy on March 27, 1997.

2. At the commencement of the trial, the plaintiffs admitted that their liabilities to the IRS for 1993 and 1994 were not subject to discharge.

3. Plaintiff's ¹ testimony was, on the whole, not credible.

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^1. References to plaintiff refer solely to plaintiff Russell Johnson.

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4. The United States announced during its opening remarks that is was relying on 11 U.S.C. ╖ 523(a)(1)(C) to deny plaintiff the discharge he sought. The plaintiffs did not object to the United States relying on this provision of the law. The issue as to ╖ 523(a)(1)(C) was tried by consent.

5. The Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") properly filed and perfected pre╜petition its tax lien in the Dallas County real property records.

Findings Regarding Plaintiff's Liability as a Responsible Person

6. Plaintiff was assessed for the unpaid trust fund taxes of Lewis Manufacturing, Inc. ("Lewis") for the last quarter of 1991 and the second and third quarters of 1992.

7. Plaintiff and his one witness, David Caruth, were business partners in a com╜pany named Johnson and Caruth.

8. During the time periods in question, Johnson and Caruth was paid management consulting fees by Lewis.

9. Plaintiff was chairman of the board of directors of Lewis for the entire time period at issue.

10. The entire board of directors only comprised three or four members, includ╜ing plaintiff.

11. Plaintiff had authority to sign checks for both bank accounts maintained by Lewis.

12. Plaintiff knew that Lewis had a continuous cash flow problem.

13. Plaintiff knew at the time he got involved in Lewis that it was already expe╜riencing financial problems.

14. Plaintiff knew that during the en╜tire period of time he was involved with Lewis that it had dire financial problems.

15. Plaintiff was the sole person autho╜rized to sign checks on a checking account he maintained in Dallas on behalf of Lewis.

16. The Lewis bank account in Dallas used plaintiff's law firm address as its mailing address.

17. Plaintiff was the sole person autho╜rized to make withdrawals or deposits for a Lewis bank account maintained in Ennis.

18. Plaintiff made deposits into this bank account for Lewis.

19. Plaintiff would send money to the Lewis plant in Ennis, Texas for the pay╜ment of bills.

20. Plaintiff personally delivered checks to at least one of Lewis's creditors.

21. Plaintiff signed checks on behalf of Lewis.

22. Plaintiff signed checks payable to his consulting firm, Johnson and Caruth, from the Lewis bank account in Dallas.

23. Plaintiff signed at least one check payable to himself from the Lewis bank account in Dallas.

24. Every check introduced at the trial was signed by the plaintiff.

25. Plaintiff signed payroll checks for Lewis after he had closed the business.

26. Plaintiff became president of Lewis in February, 1992, and remained president until he closed Lewis.

27. Plaintiff fired at least one employee of Lewis before becoming the president.

28. Plaintiff closed the business and fired all the employees of Lewis.

29. Plaintiff and David Caruth inter╜viewed and hired the general manager for Lewis, Mr. Jack Woodworth, Jr.

30. Plaintiff and David Caruth hired the person who preceded plaintiff as presi╜dent of Lewis, Mr. Howard Lewis.

31. Plaintiff and David Caruth were given and maintained the financial state╜ments for Lewis. Plaintiff and David Ca╜ruth made all major decisions and autho╜rized all payments for Lewis.

32. Plaintiff was the person Mr. Wood╜worth notified when he subsequently re╜signed.

33. Plaintiff had access to the corpo╜rate records through a computer in his Dallas office and would have been shown the business records if he asked to see them.

34. Plaintiff knew after his first meet╜ing in March or April, 1991, with Mr. Howard Lewis that Lewis Manufacturing had unpaid payroll taxes.

35. Other than a few months, for the entire period of time plaintiff was involved with Lewis it was in "dire cash flow dis╜tress and needing (sic) continuous infu╜sions of money to keep the doors open."

36. Mr. Woodworth frequently dis╜cussed the unpaid payroll taxes with plain╜tiff.

3 7. Mr. Woodworth's testimony was credible.

38. Plaintiff and Mr. Caruth directed and authorized payments of bills for Lew╜is.

39. Plaintiff and Mr. Caruth could ne╜gotiate large corporate purchases, con╜tracts and loans for Lewis.

40. Plaintiff and Mr. Caruth could de╜termine Lewis' company financial policy.

41. Plaintiff signed at least one payroll tax return (Form 941) for Lewis. This was the return for the second quarter of 1992, ending June 30, 1992.

42. Plaintiff had the authority to pre╜pare, review and sign payroll tax returns for Lewis during all the periods at issue.

43. Plaintiff had authority to enter into contracts on behalf of Lewis for, at a mini╜mum, the time period he was president.

44. Plaintiff was the sole person to sign a promissory note dated August 5, 1991, on behalf of Lewis.

45. Prior to becoming the president of Lewis, plaintiff, as chairman of the board, gave permission to the then president to proceed with a contract submission.

46. Plaintiff had authority to purchase assets on behalf of Lewis for, at a mini╜mum, the time period he was president.

47. Plaintiff claimed that in his role as board chairman of Lewis he ordered that the payroll taxes be paid but admitted that he never did anything to verify that they were being paid.

48. Plaintiff did not call as witnesses any of the people he claimed to have or╜dered to pay the taxes.

49. Although the plaintiff claimed dur╜ing discovery that the corporate docu╜ments of Lewis would prove his "limited involvement", he did not turn over any such documents to the United States, did not bring any to trial and did not offer a single exhibit into evidence at the trial.

50. Plaintiff was a responsible person of Lewis pursuant to 26 U.S.C. ╖ 6672 for the fourth quarter of 1991 and the second and third quarters of 1992.

51. Plaintiff acted willfully pursuant to 26 U.S.C. ╖ 6672 for the fourth quarter of 1991 and the second and third quarters of 1992.

Findings Regarding Plaintiff's Willful Attempts to Evade or Defeat the Payment of His Taxes

52. Plaintiff has been an attorney since 1972.

53. Plaintiff described himself as a "wills and trusts" attorney and testified he knew estate tax law.

54. Plaintiff is self employed and is aware of the need to pay self employment tax and to make quarterly estimated tax payments.

55. He is well aware of the filing re╜quirements and due dates for income tax returns.

56. Plaintiff and his then wife, Lisa Johnson, did not timely file their 1988 - 1992 or 1994 income tax returns.

57. Plaintiff testified that prior to 1989, he always timely filed and paid his income taxes. However, contrary to plaintiff's testimony, his 1988 income tax return was filed late and the taxes were paid late.

58. Plaintiff did not offer any evidence as to why any tax return other than 1989 was not timely filed.

59. Plaintiff and his then wife, Lisa Johnson, did not file their 1989 income tax return until October 22, 1993.

60. The amount of taxes due on plain╜tiffs income tax returns are amounts he admitted were due, they are not based on any adjustments made by the IRS.

61. On his 1989 income tax return, plaintiff reported tax due of $17,038.00. He did not pay any of this amount.

62. Plaintiff and his then wife, Lisa Johnson, did not file their 1990 income tax return until May 19, 1994.

63. On his 1990 income tax return, plaintiff reported tax due of $27,230.00. He did not pay any of this amount.

64. Plaintiff and his then wife, Lisa Johnson, did not file their 1991 income tax return until June 7, 1994.

65. On his 1991 income tax return, plaintiff reported tax due of $17,422.00. He did not pay any of this amount.

66. Plaintiff and his then wife, Lisa Johnson, did not file their 1992 income tax return until June 22, 1994.

67. On his 1992 income tax return, plaintiff reported tax due of $10,597.00. He did not pay any of this amount.

68. On his 1993 income tax return, plaintiff reported tax due of $21,307.00. He did not pay any of this amount.

69. Plaintiff and his then wife, Lisa Johnson, did not file their 1994 income tax return until January 31, 1997.

70. On his 1994 income tax return, plaintiff reported tax due of $17,553.00. He did not pay any of this amount.

71. Plaintiffs have not timely filed or paid their taxes for the years since 1994.

72. Plaintiff admits he owes the taxes at issue and claims that he wants to pay them.

73. On their bankruptcy schedules, plaintiffs valued their home as being worth $650,000.00.

74. Plaintiffs' monthly mortgage pay╜ment is approximately $4,000 and they are current on their mortgage payments.

75. Plaintiffs make the utility payments for their home.

76. On his 1989 income tax return, while no income taxes were paid, plaintiff did deduct $45,130.00 of itemized deduc╜tions, including mortgage interest of $35,129.00.

77. On his 1990 income tax return, while no income taxes were paid, plaintiff did deduct $48,056.00 of itemized deduc╜tions, including mortgage interest of $35,888.00.

78. On his 1991 income tax return, while no income taxes were paid, plaintiff did deduct $67,687.00 of itemized deduc╜tions, including mortgage interest of $43,066.00.

79. Plaintiff and his then wife, Lisa Johnson, did not file their 1989-1992 in╜come tax returns until after being contact╜ed about them by the IRS during October, 1993.

80. During the years when Russell Johnson was either not filing or not paying and filing his income tax returns, he had substantial income with which to pay his tax debts.

81. Plaintiff, Russell Johnson, volun╜tarily chose to pay other expenses instead of his tax debts.

82. Any finding of fact which is more properly deemed to be a conclusion of law is to be considered a conclusion of law.

Conclusions of Law

Conclusions Regarding Plaintiff's Lia╜bility as a Responsible Person

1. 26 U.S.C. ╖╖ 3102(a) and 3402(a) re╜quire employers to withhold the employ╜ee's share of federal social security taxes and income taxes from the wages of their employees. The money withheld from each employee's wages is then held by the employer in trust ("trust fund monies") for the benefit of the United States as provid╜ed for by 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7501(a). Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. 238, 242-43, 98 S.Ct. 1778, 56 L.Ed.2d 251 (1978).

2. Employers are then required to pay over the withheld taxes to the United States. Wood v. United States, 808 F.2d 411, 414 (5th Cir.1987). These funds do not belong to the employer and are not to be used by the business. If an employer withholds these taxes but fails to pay them over to the United States, the employee is nevertheless given full credit for having paid the taxes, and the Government may not require any additional payment from the employee. Thus, unless the Govern╜ment can collect these taxes from the employer or the persons responsible for the collection and nonpayment of the taxes, the revenues are forever lost to the Government. Slodov, 436 U.S. at 243-45, 98 S.Ct. 1778; Mazo v. United States, 591 F.2d 1151, 1153 (5th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom., Lattimore v. United States, 444 U.S. 842, 100 S.Ct. 82, 62 L.Ed.2d 54 (1979).

3. To protect against such revenue losses, ╖ 6672(a) was enacted by Congress. 26 U.S.C. ╖ 6672 reads, in pertinent part:

(a) GENERAL RULE.-Any person required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over any tax imposed by this title who willfully fails to collect such tax, or truthfully account for and pay over such tax, or willfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any such tax or the payment thereof, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be liable to a penalty equal to the total amount of the tax evaded, or not collected, or not accounted for and paid over ....

26 U.S.C. ╖ 6671(b) defines a person as follows:

The term "person", as used in this subchapter, includes an officer or em╜ployee of a corporation, or a member or employee of a partnership who as such officer, employee, or member is under a duty to perform the act in respect of which the violation occurs.

The Supreme Court in Slodov, when in╜terpreting ╖ 6672 held that:

We conclude therefore that the phrase "[a]ny person required to collect, truth╜fully account for, and pay over any tax imposed by this title" was meant to limit 6672 to persons responsible for collec╜tion of third-party taxes and not to lim╜it it to those persons in a position to perform all three of the enumerated duties with respect to the tax dollars in question. (Emphasis added.)

Slodov, 436 U.S. at 250, 98 S.Ct. 1778.

4. A responsible person is any person who performs any of the three functions specified in the statute. Barnett v. Internal Revenue Service, 988 F.2d 1449, 1453 n. 6 (5th Cir.1993).

5. Though ╖ 6672 is phrased in terms of a "penalty," the penalty may be more accurately described as a mechanism for shifting part of the tax liability of a de╜faulting corporation to those responsible for nonpayment. Newsome v. United States, 431 F.2d 742, 745 (5th Cir.1970).

6. There are two elements to lia╜bility under ╖ 6672. The first is that a person upon whom liability is to be imposed must be a person required to collect, truthfully account for, or pay over any tax, commonly referred to as a "responsible person." The second requirement under ╖ 6672 is that such responsible person willfully failed to collect, truthfully account for or pay over such taxes. Wood, 808 F.2d at 414; Howard v. United States, 711 F.2d 729, 733 (5th Cir.1983).

7. Responsibility for purposes of ╖ 6672 is a matter of status, duty, power and authority, whether exercised or not. Wood, 808 F.2d at 415; Howard, 711 F.2d at 734.

8. It is not necessary that an indi╜vidual have the final word as to which creditors should be paid in order to be subject to liability under ╖ 6672. Rather, it is sufficient that the person have some power, authority, and control over the pro╜cess by which corporate funds are dis╜bursed to find that he is a "responsible person" under ╖ 6672. Neckles v. United States, 579 F.2d 938 (5th Cir.1978).

9. The Fifth Circuit generally takes a broad view of who is a responsible person. Barnett, 988 F.2d at 1454; Gustin v. Unit╜ed States, 876 F.2d 485, 491 (5th Cir.1989); Wood, 808 F.2d at 415.

10. The crucial inquiry is whether the individual had the effective power to pay the taxes. Barnett, 988 F.2d at 1454; Howard, 711 F.2d at 734.

11. Responsible person status is not limited to people who perform the mechanical jobs of collection and payment of corporate funds. The Fifth Circuit, like other circuits, looks at a number of circum╜stantial indicia of responsible person status when a party lacks the precise responsibil╜ity of withholding or paying employees' taxes. In Barnett, the Court noted the fact that this circuit takes a broad view of who is a responsible person and stated:

... we cannot ignore the extensive case law that narrowly constrains a fact╜finder's province in ╖ 6672 cases. [Footnote omitted.] Thus, although "the facts. . . are critical in . . . any ╖ 6672 cases," Commonwealth National Bank of Dallas v. United States, 665 F.2d at 752, we tend to agree with the other circuits that have held that certain facts will almost invariably prove dispositive of responsibility.

Barnett, 988 F.2d at 1454. Recognized indicia of responsible person status include the following ² :

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^2. The cited cases are examples of cases where these factors were considered; however, the citations are not intended to be all inclusive. Barnett, 988 F.2d at 1455, refers to Annotation, 84 A.L.R. Fed. 170, 1987 WL 419561 at ╖ 10-20 for a collection of cases discussing the various factors.

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(1) ═ the holding of corporate office, Ralph Brown v. United States, 591 F.2d 1136, 1138, 1139 (5th Cir.1979);

(2) the ownership of stock, Ralph Brown., 591 F.2d at 1138;

(3) ═ the authority to sign corporate checks, either alone or jointly with another officer, Alton Brown v. United States, 464 F.2d 590, 591 (5th Cir.1972), cert. denied, 410 U.S. 908, 93 S.Ct. 962, 35 L.Ed.2d 270 (1973);

(4) the authority to obtain financing or loans for the corporation, Liddon v. United States, 448 F.2d 509, 511 (5th Cir.1971), cert. denied 406 U.S. 918, 92 S.Ct. 1769, 32 L.Ed.2d 117 (1972);

(5) ═ the authority to execute corporate loans for the corporation, Moore v. United States, 465 F.2d 514, 517 (5th Cir.1972), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1108, 93 S.Ct. 907, 34 L.Ed.2d 688 (1973); Liddon, 448 F.2d at 511;

(6) ═ personally guaranteeing the debts of the corporation, Liddon, 448 F.2d at 511; Ralph Brown, 591 F.2d at 1139;

(7) ═ the authority to negotiate contracts for the corporation, Gefen v. United States, 400 F.2d 476 (5th Cir.1968), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1119, 89 S.Ct. 990, 22 L.Ed.2d 123 (1969), reh. denied, 394 U.S. 967, 89 S.Ct. 1302, 22 L.Ed.2d 569 (1969);

(8) the authority to hire and fire em╜ployees, Howard, 711 F.2d at 731;

(9) ═ the holding of a position as a mem╜ber of the board of directors, Hewitt v. United States, 377 F.2d 921, 923 (5th Cir.1967); Liddon, 448 F.2d at 511;

(10) the effective power to decide what creditors are to be paid, Neckles, 579 F.2d at 940; Howard, 711 F.2d at 734; and

(11) the authority to purchase corporate assets, Liddon, 448 F.2d at 511.

12. While the Barnett court lists and discusses six indicia of responsibility, it is crucial to note that neither any partic╜ular indicia nor any particular combination of indicia is required for a finding of re╜sponsibility. As the Fifth Circuit has stat╜ed, it "cannot allow [an individual] to dis╜qualify himself from responsible person status simply because he does not fit into every category [it has] ever listed." Raba v. United States, 977 F.2d 941, 944 (5th Cir.1992).

13. Fifth Circuit cases have held the following:

(1) There is no requirement that a re╜sponsible person be a corporate officer. Neckles v. United States, 579 F.2d at 938.

(2) There is no requirement that a re╜sponsible person have access or control over books and financial records. Gus╜tin v. United States, 876 F.2d at 487.

(3) There is no requirement that a re╜sponsible person be an authorized check signer. Raba v. United States, 977 F.2d at 943.

(4) There is no requirement that a re╜sponsible person be a member of the board of directors. Mazo v. United States, 591 F.2d at 1151.

(5) There is no requirement that a re╜sponsible person be a stockholder. Gus╜tin v. United States, 876 F.2d at 487.

(6) The hope that sufficient money will be available later to pay the taxes is not a defense. In Newsome v. United States, 431 F.2d at 746, the Court held:

The responsible officer's actions be╜fore the due date for payment of the withheld taxes satisfies the "willfulness" requirement under section 6672: when the responsible officer (as defined by section 6671(b)) knows that the withheld funds are being used for other corporate purposes, regardless of his expectation that sufficient funds will be on hand on the due date for payment over to the government.

(7) It is not stealing for an authorized check signer to pay taxes to the Internal Revenue Service. Gustin v. United States, 876 F.2d 485 (5th Cir.1989), states:

One does not cease to be a responsible person merely by delegating that re╜sponsibility to others, nor do instruc╜tions from a superior not to pay the taxes or the threat of being fired if one pays the taxes make one not a responsi╜ble person under the statute. Id. We do not mean to suggest, however, that mere access to corporate funds makes one a responsible person under the statute. Employees of a corporation are agents, and a corporation may deny to an agent the actual authority to pay taxes. Re╜quiring an employee to pay over taxes when he does not have the actual authority to do so would be tantamount to requiring any employee with mere ac╜cess to company funds to steal funds that the company owes the government. Section 6672 does not impose such a responsibility upon any corporate em╜ployee, but the law does impose a duty on the employees not to dissipate the trust by paying other creditors with money owed to the government.

Gusting v. United States, 876 F.2d at 491-2.

14. A company cannot make the Inter╜nal Revenue Service an unwilling joint venturer by not paying currently owed taxes in the hope things will improve in the future. Mazo v. United States, 591 F.2d at 1154.

15. There is no requirement that an individual must possess final decision making authority to be a responsible per╜son. In Neckles, Mr. Neckles was not an officer and did not receive any remunera╜tion from the company. Two of the three corporate bank accounts required two sig╜natures on all checks. It was held that:

Although the appellant may not always have had the "final" say about paying creditors, in the apocalyptic sense of the word, he did have significant control over disbursements. This is sufficient for section 6672 liability to attach.

Neckles, 579 F.2d at 940.

16. There is no requirement that an individual run the day-to-day corporate op╜erations to be a responsible person. Mazo v. United States, 591 F.2d 1151 (5th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom., Lattimore v. United States, 444 U.S. 842, 100 S.Ct. 82, 62 L.Ed.2d 54 (1979).

17. Plaintiff was clearly a re╜sponsible person under ╖ 6672.

18. Liability attaches to a "re╜sponsible person" under ╖ 6672 only upon his "willful" failure to collect or account for and pay over the employment taxes. The Fifth Circuit has reaffirmed its basic knowledge standard of "willfulness" origi╜nally set forth in Mazo:

Willfulness under ╖ 6672 requires only a voluntary, conscious, and intentional act, not a bad motive or evil intent. Willful╜ness is normally proved by evidence that the responsible person paid other creditors with knowledge that withhold╜ing taxes were due at the time to the United States. "A c onsidered decision not to fulfill one's obligation to pay the taxes owed, evidenced by payments made to other creditors in the knowl╜edge that the taxes are due, is all that is required to establish willfulness." (Em╜phasis added, citations omitted.)

Barnett, 988 F .2d at 1457.

19. The Fifth Circuit recognizes that in the case of indNZduals who are responsible persons both before and after a withholding tax liability accrues there is a duty to use all available unencumbered funds acquired after the withholding obli╜gation becomes payable to satisfy that obli╜gation. Failure to do so when there is knowledge of the liability constitutes will╜fulness. Mazo , 591 F.2d at 1157. This is true even if the responsible person did not learn about the liability until the trust funds have already been dissipated. Logal v. United States, 195 F.3d 229 (5th Cir. 1999).

20. Plaintiff, a responsible per╜son, acted with reckless disregard, ignored Lents' dire financial situation and/or im╜permissibly attempted to delegate the functions of ensuring that the payroll taxes were timely paid to the Government. Plaintiff continued to be a responsible per╜son of Lewis until he shut it down. Plain╜tiff, by his own admission, did nothing to guarantee that the taxes got paid. There╜fore, he acted willfully for all quarters at issue.

21. Plaintiff continued to write checks to creditors other than the IRS after he knew, or at a bare minimum should have known, of the unpaid payroll taxes. Evidence that a responsible person had actual knowledge of payments to other creditors after he was aware of the failure to pay withholding tax is sufficient for summary judgment on the issue of willful╜ness. Mazo, 591 F.2d at 1157.

The Mazo court also stated:

In the case of individuals who are re╜sponsible persons both before and after withholding tax liability accrues, as the appellants were in this case, there is a duty to use unencumbered funds ac╜quired after the withholding obligation becomes payable to satisfy that obli╜gation; failure to do so when there is knowledge of the liability, as was the case here, constitutes willfulness.

Mazo, 591 F.2d at 1157.

22. Further, in Wood, Mr. Wood was also a responsible person for all quarters involved. Mr. Wood found out about the unpaid employment taxes on September 17, 1979. Mr. Wood continued to sign payroll checks after learning of the unpaid taxes. The government sought to hold Mr. Wood liable for, among other quarters, the unpaid taxes for the second quarter of 19 7 9, which ended on June 30, 1979, prior to his knowledge of the unpaid taxes. In addressing Wood's liability for the second quarter of 19 79, the Court held:

Wood received notice that employment taxes were past due by a letter from the IRS dated September 17, 1979. He con╜cedes that after that date he signed checks paying to creditors more than the amount of unpaid withholding taxes. Thus, he acted willfully as to all taxes unpaid before he received notice that second quarter employment taxes were past due.

Wood, 808 F.2d at 412 (emphasis added).

23. The Fifth Circuit again reaffirmed its position on this issue as recently as 1999 in Logal v. United States, 195 F.3d 229 (5th Cir.1999).

Conclusions Regarding Plaintiff's Willful Attempts to Evade or Defeat the Pay╜ment of His Taxes

24. As a general rule, all debts arising prior to the filing of the bankrupt╜cy petition will be discharged. E.g., Mat╜ter of Bruner, 55 F.ad 195, 197 (5th Cir. 1995). However, Congress intended that the fresh start provided by the bankruptcy discharge would apply only to the honest but unfortunate debtor. Matter of Birken╜stock, 87 F.3d 947, 950 (7th Cir.1996); see also Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 286-287, 111 S.Ct. 654, 112 L.Ed.2d 755 (1991); Bruner, 55 F.3d at 200. Accordingly, with respect to a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, certain liabilities have been excepted from dis╜charge by the provisions of 11 U.S.C. ╖╖ 523 & 727.

25. The burden of proving that a tax liability is excepted from discharge is on the Government. E.g., In re Fegeley, 118 F.3d 979, 983 (3rd Cir.1997).

26. Section 523(a)(1)(C) of the Bank╜ruptcy Code (11 U.S.C.) provides, in perti╜nent part, that:

╖ 523. Exceptions to discharge

(a) A discharge under section 727 . . . of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt-

(1) for a tax or a customs duty-

* ═══ * ═══ * ═══ * ═══ * ═══ *

(C) with respect to which debtor made a fraudulent return or willfully attempted in any manner to evade or defeat such tax.

27. In order to determine wheth╜er a debtor's tax liability is excepted from discharge under ╖ 523(a)(1)(C) courts have looked at two elements: 1) a conduct ele╜ment, i.e., whether the debtor attempted to evade or defeat the tax and 2) a mens rea element, i.e., whether such actions were willful. Fegeley, 118 F.3d at 983-984; In re Tudisco, 183 F.3d 133, 136 (2nd Cir. 1999).

28. With respect to the con╜duct element, acts of either commission or culpable omission satisfy such element. Fegeley, 118 F.3d at 983; see also Bruner, ═ 55 F.3d at 200; contra In re Haas, 48 F.3d 1153 (11th Cir.1995)(only attempts to evade or defeat the assessment of taxes are covered by Section 523(a)(1)(C)) ³ . While mere failure to pay a tax liability is insufficient to satisfy the conduct element, Fegeley, 118 F.3d at 983; Birkenstock, 87 F.3d at 951; Dalton v. Internal Revenue Service, 77 F.3d 1297, 1301 (10th Cir.1996), where the debtor both has a pattern of failing to file his tax returns and fails to pay the tax, despite the financial ability to do so, such omissions are sufficient to sat╜isfy the conduct element, Fegeley, 118 F.3d at 984; Birkenstock, 87 F.3d at 951; In re Toti , 24 F.3d 806, 809 (6th Cir.1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 987, 115 S.Ct. 482, 130 L.Ed.2d 395 (1994). Certainly, a debtor may also satisfy the conduct element by taking affirmative actions which show that he intended to evade or defeat the tax liability. Birkenstock, 87 F.3d at 951-952; see also Dalton, 77 F.3d 1297 (concealment of assets); Matter of Zuhone, 88 F.3d 469 (7th Cir.1996) (transfer of assets). Fur╜thermore, a debtor clearly satisfies the conduct element by a combination of omis╜sions and commissions. Bruner, 55 F.3d at 200 (failure to pay, pattern of failure to file, and concealment of income and as╜sets) ⁴ ; Tudisco , 183 F.3d at 137 (failure to pay, pattern of failure to file, and false affidavit to employer).

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^4. In Bruner the Fifth Circuit, after stating that 11 U.S.C. ╖ 523(a)(1)(C) "surely encompasses both acts of commission as well as culpable omissions," noted that it did not even have to address the taxpayers arguments that an affir╜mative act was required because the taxpay╜ers had committed affirmative acts. Bruner, 55 F.3d at 200.

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29. The mens rea element is de╜termined by the civil willfulness standard. E.g., Fegeley, 118 F.3d at 984. Such stan╜dard simply requires that the actions to evade or defeat the tax liability be "volun╜tary, conscious, and intentional." Id.; Birkenstock, 87 F.3d at 952; Dalton, 77 F.3d at 1302; Tudisco, 183 F.3d at 137; see also Toti, 24 F.3d at 809; cf. Matter of Bruner, 55 F.3d at 199 (follows Toti ). In determining whether the debtor's ac╜tions were willful, the Courts have em╜ployed a three-pronged test of whether, in the case of a debtor who is financially able to pay his taxes but chooses not to do so, (1) the debtor had a duty under the law, (2) the debtor knew he had that duty, and (3) the debtor voluntarily and intentionally violated that duty. ⁵ Fegeley, 118 F.3d at 984; Birkenstock, 87 F.3d at 952; see Mat╜ter of Bruner, 55 F.3d at 197.

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^5. ═ The term "willfully" as used in 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7203 (criminal failure to file) requires that the accused acted intentionally in violation of a known legal duty. United States v. Burton, 737 F.2d 439, 441 (5th Cir.1984).

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30. Plaintiff admitted he had a duty, which he knew of, to file income tax returns and pay taxes for the years at issue. As such, his failure to file his in╜come tax returns and pay the taxes for the years at issue was clearly voluntary and intentional, as well as an obvious attempt to evade or defeat the payment of his taxes. Toti, 24 F.3d at 809; see Fegeley, 118 F.3d at 984; Matter of Bruner, 55 F.3d at 198.

31. Plaintiff clearly satisfied the con╜duct element and the mens rea element of Section 523(a)(1)(C) of the Bankruptcy Code. He, therefore, willfully attempted to evade or defeat his income tax liabilities for the years at issue. Accordingly, such liabilities are excepted from discharge in this Chapter 7 bankruptcy pursuant to the provisions of 11 U.S.C. ╖ 523(a)(1)(C).

32. Plaintiff's trust fund liability is also not discharged in this case pursuant to 11 U.S.C. ╖ 523(a)(1)(A) and ╖ 507(a)(8)(C).

33. Any conclusion of law which is more properly deemed to be a finding of fact is to be considered a finding of fact.

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