Robert T. BREWER, Plaintiff, v. COMMISSIONER, INTERNAL REVENUE, Defendant., United States District Court, S.D. Alabama, Southern Division., 430 F.Supp.2d 1254, No. Civil Action No. 05-0167-CG-B., May 12, 2006

Robert T. BREWER, Plaintiff, v. COMMISSIONER, INTERNAL REVENUE, Defendant.

United States District Court, S.D. Alabama, Southern Division.

430 F.Supp.2d 1254

No. Civil Action No. 05-0167-CG-B.

May 12, 2006.

Robert T. Brewer, Mobile, AL, Pro se.

Brian Richard Harris, Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Defendant.

ORDER

GRANADE, Chief Judge.

This cause is before the court on defen╜dant's motion to dismiss plaintiff's amend╜ed complaint (Doc. 12), and plaintiffs re╜sponse (Doc. 15). Upon consideration of all matters presented, and for the reasons stated herein, the court concludes that de╜fendant's motion to dismiss is due to be granted in part and denied in part.

I. THE COMPLAINT

Plaintiff filed suit against the Commis╜sioner of the Internal Revenue Service (hereinafter "IRS") claiming that defen╜dant committed common law torts includ╜ing fraud, harassment and intentional in╜fliction of emotional distress. (Do. 6 at 6-7). Plaintiff also alleges that the defen╜dant improperly seized plaintiff's social se╜curity benefits, violated his due process rights by failing to provide him with an opportunity to challenge his 2000 federal income tax liabilities, and violated his rights to equal protection under the law and to free speech by sending him a letter regarding the levy of his social security benefits that stated "[p]lease do not con╜tact the Social Security Administration re╜garding your Federal tax matter." Id. at 7-9. While the complaint is not at all clear, it also appears to seek to enjoin assessment of his 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 federal income tax liabilities and to enjoin collection of these same liabilities. In addition, plaintiff seeks damages in the amount of $15,000 and requests that the court order defendant to pay all costs. Id. at 9-10.

On September 7, 2004, the parties met in Mobile Tax Court to resolve issues aris╜ing from a Notice of Deficiency issued to plaintiff for his 1999 federal income tax liabilities. (Doc. 6 at 4). Plaintiff claims that at that time, the IRS issued an audit statement to plaintiff indicating a net tax due in the amount of $1,100.00 for the 1999 tax year. Id. Plaintiff asserts that on Oc╜tober 20, 2004, he visited an IRS office in Mobile and paid the $1,100.00 net tax due for the 1999 tax year. Id. However, plain╜tiff states that in January 2005, defen╜dant's Austin, Texas, office changed the net tax due and issued a new demand for $6,416.89 in taxes for the 1999 tax year. Id. Plaintiff proffers a January 25, 2005, U.S. Tax Court order, which declares that plaintiff's 1999 Federal income tax defi╜ciency was $4,878, and that the net tax due for 1999 was $1,100.00, the amount plaintiff appears to have paid. Brewer v. Commis╜sioner, T.C.M.2005-10. at 5. The order declines to abate interest on the 1999 defi╜ciency. Id.

Plaintiff provides that he "made several calls to defendant in order to persuade it to revoke the new demand for taxes, but none were effective." (Doc. 6 at 5). Ac╜cording to plaintiff, on March 11, 2005, plaintiff spoke with an IRS employee who identified himself as Mr. Neilson. Id. Plaintiff avers that Neilson "agreed to re╜voke the new $6,416.89 demand and virtu╜ally wipe out plaintiff's 1999 tax liability, mentioning that there would still be a small amount of interest to pay." Id. Moreover, plaintiff contends that when he tried to rectify the situation with Neilson, Neilson "examin[ed] plaintiff's 1997 situa╜tion, his 2001 situation," and told plaintiff that the IRS would be issuing Notices of Deficiency against him with respect to the tax years 2002, and 2003, and that Neilson would send plaintiff a copy of a previously issued Notice of Deficiency for tax year 2000. ¹ Id. at 5.

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^1. ═ This is the only portion of the defendant's allegations that can be construed as providing a basis that plaintiff is seeking to enjoin as╜sessment of taxes for those years.

**********

In a letter dated March 28, 2005, sent from defendant's Philadelphia office, de╜fendant made another demand for new taxes for the 1999 tax year in the amount of $6,619.32. (Final Notice of Intent to Levy and Notice of Right to a Hearing). Plaintiff maintains that the demand from defendant's Philadelphia office contravenes defendant's audit statement fixing plain╜tiffs net tax due at $1,100.00; the sworn Tax Court order affirming $1,100.00 as plaintiffs net tax due for the tax year 1999; the January U.S. Tax Court order affirming $1,100.00 as plaintiff's net tax due for the tax year 1999; and plaintiff's receipt showing his net tax due paid in full. (Doc. 6 at 6). Plaintiff claims that he delivered a letter of disputation concerning "new demand" to defendant's Mobile of╜fice. Id. Further, plaintiff states that the "new demand also carries with it the threat of a [l]evy of Social Security [b]ene╜fits, and there being no other remedy in law, plaintiff makes this application to the court for relief." Id.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A motion to dismiss should not be grant╜ed "unless the plaintiff can prove no set of facts which would entitle him to relief." Martinez v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 74 F.3d 247, 248 (11th Cir.1996) (quoting Peterson v. Atlanta Hous. Auth., 998 F.2d 904, 912 (11th Cir.1993)). In making this determi╜nation, the court must "take all the allega╜tions in the complaint as true, and view the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." Id. However, to survive a mo╜tion to dismiss, a plaintiff may not merely "label" his claims. At a minimum, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require "a short and plain statement of the claim" that "will give the defendant fair notice of what the plaintiffs claim is and the grounds upon which it rests." Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957) (quoting FED.R.CIV.P. 8(a)(2)).

III. ANALYSIS

Defendant United States seeks to dismiss plaintiffs amended complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(1). Al╜though defendant is the moving party, plaintiff is the party seeking to invoke the court's jurisdiction. As such, plaintiff bears the burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction. See Stock West, Inc. v. Confederated Tribes, 873 F.2d 1221, 1225 (9th Cir.1989) ("[a] federal court is presumed to lack jurisdiction in a particu╜lar case unless the contrary affirmatively appears").

It is well settled that the United States, as a sovereign, may not be sued without its consent, and that the terms of its consent define this court's jurisdiction. See, e.g., United States v. Dalm, 494 U.S. 596, 110 S.Ct. 1361, 108 L.Ed.2d 548 (1990). Such a waiver cannot be implied and must, therefore, be unequivocally ex╜pressed. Id.

The sovereign immunity of the United States can only be waived if Con╜gress enacts statutes consenting to suit. See, e.g., United States v. Sherwood , 312 U.S. 584, 61 S.Ct. 767, 85 L.Ed. 1058 (1941). Furthermore, the government's consent to be sued is to be "construed strictly in favor of the sovereign" and "not enlarged beyond what the language re╜quires." United States Dept. of Energy v. Ohio, 503 U.S. 607, 112 S.Ct. 1627, 118 L.Ed.2d 255 (1992) (citations omitted). Where a suit has not been consented to by the United States, dismissal of the action is required. See, e.g., Elias v. Connett, 908 F.2d 521 (9th Cir.1990). Additionally, "[w]aiver of immunity must be demon╜strated by the party suing the United States." Cominotto v. United States, 802 F.2d 1127, 1129 (9th Cir.1986).

Plaintiff claims that this court has juris╜diction over the actions against the United States under 28 U.S.C. ╖╖ 1331 and 1340 with immunity waived pursuant to 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7421(a) (the Anti-Injunction Act), 28 U.S.C. ╖ 2410 (quiet title action), and 26 U.S.C. 7433(a) (Taxpayer Bill of Rights). Since ╖╖ 1331 and 1340 are general juris╜dictional statutes and do not suffice to confer jurisdiction in the absence of an explicit waiver of immunity by the United States, the court considers plaintiffs waiv╜er arguments in turn.

1. The Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA")

The Federal Tort Claims Act, (hereinafter "FTCA"), 28 U.S.C. ╖╖ 2671-2680, provides in part that the United States "shall be liable, respecting the pro╜visions of this title relating to tort claims, in the same manner and to the same ex╜tent as a private individual under like cir╜cumstances." 28 U.S.C. ╖ 2674. Howev╜er, in Endara v. IRS, 1997 WL 792355(E.D.N.Y.1997), the court ruled that:

[T]he United States is protected from suit "[ ] when . . . the claims encompass torts and constitutional violations." Jones v. U.S., 16 F.3d 979, 981 (8th Cir.1994); see also Pereira v. U.S. Post╜al Service, 964 F.2d 873, 876 (9th Cir. 1992) (dismissing plaintiffs claim be╜cause the United States is immune from liability for constitutional torts); Wright v. United States, 902 F.Supp. 486, 489 (S.D.N.Y.1995) ("The United States . . . has not waived its sovereign immunity against constitutional tort claims.") (cit╜ing Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 114 S.Ct. 996, 1005, 127 L.Ed.2d 308 (1994)). Therefore, [such a] complaint must be dismissed because the Court lacks subject matter jurisdic╜tion over [ ] constitutional claims.

Endara, 1997 WL 792355 at *5. In addi╜tion, actions related to the assessment and collection of taxes are expressly excluded from the Act's coverage. 28 U.S.C. ╖ 2680(c).

It follows that to the extent that plain╜tiff's claims are construed to include com╜mon law torts such as fraud, harassment and intentional infliction of emotional dis╜tress, and constitutional violations, the court lacks jurisdiction. Since the FTCA does not provide a source of waiver for any of plaintiff's claims for damages arising out of common law torts or constitutional vio╜lations, the claims are due to be dismissed.

2. 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7433

Plaintiff also alleges a cause of action for civil damages for "abrogations, curtailments and infringements of his rights" in connection with "defendant's refusal to properly credit his 1999 tax account, and further deluging him with Notices of Defi╜ciency," pursuant to ╖ 7433. (Doc. 6 at 9). Plaintiff claims that defendant committed procedural error in that defendant intend╜ed to levy plaintiffs Social Security bene╜fits "based on inaccurate calculations that failed to take into account [plaintiff's] paid tax liability for the year 1999." (Doc. 15 at 15).

Section 7433, another potential source of waiver of governmental immuni╜ty, provides in relevant part that "if in connection with any collection of Federal tax . . . any officer or employee [of the IRS] recklessly or intentionally disregards any provision of this title, or any regula╜tion promulgated under this title," the tax╜payer may bring a civil action for damages against the United States in a federal dis╜trict court. 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7433. Interpreta╜tion of ╖ 7433 is guided by the principle that a "waiver of sovereign immunity, like any other, ▒must be strictly observed,' and construed ▒in favor of the sovereign.' " Gonsalves v. I.R.S., 975 F.2d 13, 15 (1st Cir.1992) (citations omitted) (quoting Soriano v. United States, 352 U.S. 270, 276, 77 S.Ct. 269, 1 L.Ed.2d 306 and McMahon v. United States, 342 U.S. 25, 27, 72 S.Ct. 17, 96 L.Ed. 26, (1951)). "[I]n a case involving the government's sovereign immunity the statute in question . . . may not be en╜larged beyond the waiver its language ex╜pressly requires." Miller v. United States, 66 F.3d 220, 222 (9th Cir.1995); see United States v. Nordic Village, Inc., 503 U.S. 30, 34, 112 S.Ct. 1011, 117 L.Ed.2d 181 (1992). With this limiting principle in mind, it is apparent from the language and legislative history of ╖ 7433 that Congress did not intend to authorize suits based on improper determination of tax liability.

As already noted, ╖ 7433 by its own terms is limited to allegedly illegal acts by IRS officials or employees "in connection with any collection of Federal tax." In Shaw v. United States, 20 F.3d 182 (5th Cir.1994), the court elucidated the distinc╜tion between an improper assessment and improper collection activities.

[I]mproper assessment deals with the decision to impose tax liability while im╜proper collection activities involves con╜duct of an agent trying to collect the taxes owed. Miller v. United States, 763 F.Supp. 1534, 1543 (N.D.Cal.1991). To demonstrate a violation of each claim involve[s] proof of distinctive facts-to prove a claim for improper assessment, a taxpayer must demonstrate why no taxes are owed, but to prove a claim for improper collection practices, the tax╜payer must demonstrate that the IRS did not follow the prescribed methods of acquiring assets.

Shaw, 20 F.3d at 184. This court con╜cludes that plaintiffs claim concerning the 1999 tax year is in the nature of a chal╜lenge to an improper assessment rather than collection activities.

Plaintiff seems to allege that his claim is in fact based on allegedly illegal collection acts. The plaintiff points out that the IRS sent a Notice of Levy, which the court recognizes as a collection action. See Miller, 763 F.Supp. at 1543, (a notice and demand for payment constitute a col╜lection action, as does the filing of a notice of tax lien). The issuance of the Notice of Levy, however, does not transform the taxpayer's complaint into alleging improp╜er collection procedures. See Miller, 66 F.3d at 222 (plaintiff's claim failed under ╖ 7433 where plaintiff alleged unlawful act with respect to determination of tax, but did not allege deficiency in notice and de╜mand procedures taken by IRS); Shaw, 20 F.3d at 184 (although IRS improperly assessed tax liability against plaintiff, plain╜tiff cannot collect damages under ╖ 7433 where IRS did not engage in improper collection procedures). Plaintiff seeks re╜lief "based on inaccurate calculations that failed to take into account [plaintiff's] paid tax liability for the year 1999." (Doc. 15 at 15).

Section 7433 provides a remedy solely for illegal collection activities; where the IRS follows proper procedures to collect a tax that has been improperly assessed, a taxpayer must seek a different reme╜dy. To hold otherwise would transform ╖ 7433 into a provision of much broader scope, allowing suit wherever the IRS attempted to collect improperly assessed taxes. Such an interpretation may hold some appeal, but it was not the interpre╜tation intended by Congress.

Ihasz v. United States, 997 F.Supp. 547, 551 (D.C.Vt.1997)

None of the arguments asserted in plaintiff's response to defendant's motion to dismiss alter the conclusion that the plaintiffs claim falls outside the scope of ╖ 7433. The court can discern no waiver of sovereign immunity applicable to this claim. Therefore, because a waiver ger╜mane to plaintiff's claim for civil damages does not exist, plaintiff's action for civil damages under ╖ 7433 is due to be dis╜missed.

3. 28 U.S.C ╖ 2410

Plaintiff asserts that defendant. has waived sovereign immunity with re╜spect to any challenge as to the 1999 tax year. (Doc. 15 at 10). Plaintiff correctly points out that "[w]hen the taxpayer chal╜lenges the procedural regularity of the tax lien and the procedures used to enforce the lien, and not the validity of the tat assessment, sovereign immunity is waived and the district court does have jurisdic╜tion over a quiet title action." Schmidt v. King, 913 F.2d 837, 839 (10th Cir.1990). In pertinent part, section 2410(a) provides:

The United States may be named a par╜ty in any civil action or suit in any district court, or in any State court hav╜ing jurisdiction of the subject matter╜(1) to quiet title to . . . real or personal property on which the United States has or claims a mortgage or other lien.

28 U.S.C. ╖ 2410(a). Plaintiff, however, relies on Guthrie v. Sawyer, 970 F.2d 733 (10th Cir.1992), to advance the proposition that the United States waives sovereign immunity "when a taxpayer challenges procedural aspects of a levy or assess╜ment." (Doc. 15 at 10); see Guthrie, 970 F.2d at 735. It appears that plaintiff con╜tends that pursuant to the Guthrie court's expansive reading of ╖ 2410, the United States has waived sovereign immunity vis╜a-vis plaintiff's challenge to the alleged inaccurate assessment of plaintiff's 1999 tax liability.

The Guthrie case was decided under special circumstances not present in this case.

[T]he holding in Guthrie . . . was made possible by the Tenth Circuit's specific holding that ╖ 2410 ▒does waive sover╜eign immunity with respect to procedur╜al violations arising from assessment, levy, and seizure.' Guthrie, 970 F.2d at 735 (emphasis added). Guthrie took pains to note that the emphasized lan╜guage was ▒submitted to and unanimous╜ly approved by the court en banc.' Id. at 735 n. 3. Whereas Guthrie had the blessing of a higher authority, in that case an en banc panel, the proposition advanced by taxpayer does not.

PCCE, Inc. v. United States, IRS, 159 F.3d 425, 428 (9th Cir.1998). This court declines to adopt the holding in Guthrie and limits the breadth of ╖ 2410 to chal╜lenges based upon the "procedural regu╜larity of [a] tax lien and the procedures used to enforce [a] lien," in accordance with the plain meaning of ╖ 2410. Schmidt, 913 F.2d at 839.

Even if plaintiff characterizes this action as a suit to quiet title so as to fall within the limited waiver of sovereign im╜munity provided by 28 U.S.C. ╖ 2410, the facts as alleged and the briefs presented prompt this court to the conclusion that this action is not commenced to determine title, but is an action seeking to challenge the amount of plaintiff's 1999 tax liability. Plaintiff does not contest the procedural regularity of the lien; rather, it seems that plaintiff seeks a declaratory judgment that upon payment of $ 1,100.00 for the 1999 tax year the tax lien should have been discharged and that he should not have received an additional assessment for that tax year.

A suit under 28 U.S.C. ╖ 2410 is proper only to contest the procedural reg╜ularity of a lien; it may not be used to challenge the underlying tax liability. See, e.g., Laino v. United States, 633 F.2d 626, 633 n. 8 (2d Cir.1980); Aqua Bar & Lounge, Inc. v. United States, 539 F.2d 935, 939 (3d Cir.1976); Falik v. United States, 343 F.2d 38, 40-43 (2d Cir.1965); Broadwell v. United States, 343 F.2d 470, 471 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 825, 86 S.Ct. 57, 15 L.Ed.2d 70 (1965). Ac╜cordingly, the relief plaintiff seeks is not available under ╖ 2410, and this court is therefore without jurisdiction to hear the plaintiff's complaint on the grounds that ╖ 2410 constitutes a waiver of the United States' sovereign immunity. See Pollack v. United States, 819 F.2d 144, 145-46 (6th Cir.1987).

4. The Anti-injunction Act (26 U.S.C ╖ 7421)

From plaintiff's vague plead╜ings, it appears that plaintiff may be seeking to enjoin assessment and/or collection of his 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 federal income tax liabilities. The court must consider whether the defendant has waived immunity pursuant to the Anti-Injunction Act, 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7421, which articulates that, "except as provided in sec╜tion[ ] . . . 6213(a), . . . no suit for the purpose of restraining the assessment or collection of any tax shall be maintained in any court any and person." 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7421(a) (Lexis 2005). Passed to protect "the Government's need to assess and col╜lect taxes as expeditiously as possible with a minimum of pre-enforcement judicial in╜terference . . . ," Bob Jones University v. Simon, 416 U.S. 725, 736, 94 S.Ct. 2038, 40 L.Ed.2d 496 (1974), the Anti-Injunction Act applies to assessment and collection activities as well as audit activities that culminate in the assessment or collection of taxes. Smith v. Rich, 667 F.2d 1228, 1230 (5th Cir.1982). However, under 26 U.S.C. ╖ 6213(a), "[s]uits to enjoin the as╜sessment of a deficiency are allowed if the taxpayer has not been mailed a notice of deficiency and afforded the opportunity for review in the Tax Court. 26 U.S.C. ╖ 6213(a)." Perlowin v. Sassi, 711 F.2d 910, 911 (9th Cir.1983).

Although the amended complaint is si╜lent on this point, Plaintiff's response to the motion to dismiss claims that he did not receive deficiency notices for the years 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003. (Doc. 15 at 9). Defendant's pleadings are silent on this point and do not address the ╖ 6213(a) exception to the Anti-Injunction Act. The court concludes that dismissal is not war╜ranted at this stage of litigation as to any claim of equitable relief concerning the tax years 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the court rules as follows:

1. Defendant's motion to dismiss plain╜tiffs claims for damages arising out of common law torts and constitu╜tional violations is due to be GRANTED.

2. Defendant's motion to dismiss plain╜tiff's claim for civil damages under 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7433 is due to be GRANTED.

3. Defendant's motion to dismiss plain╜tiff's claim for relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. ╖ 2410 is due to be GRANTED.

4. Defendant's motion to dismiss plaintiff's claim to enjoin assessment of plaintiff's 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 federal income tax liabilities and to enjoin collection of these same liabilities is DENIED.

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