Eugene L. KINGMAN, et al., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant. United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Eugene Kingman, et al., Defendants., United States District Court, S.D. Ohio, Western Division., 74 F.Supp.2d 753, Nos. C-1-96-1144, C-1-96-1183., March 29, 1999

Eugene L. KINGMAN, et al., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant. United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Eugene Kingman, et al., Defendants.

United States District Court, S.D. Ohio, Western Division.

74 F.Supp.2d 753

Nos. C-1-96-1144, C-1-96-1183.

March 29, 1999.

Eugene L. Kingman, Cincinnati, OH, pro se.

Ida June Kingman, Cincinnati, OH, pro se.

Jan Martin Holtzman, Department of Justice-1, Cincinnati, OH, Gregory S. Nickerson, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for United States.

Order Adopting Report and Recommendation

BECKWITH, District Judge. ═ On February 25, 1999, United States Magistrate Judge Jack Sherman, Jr., is╜sued a Report and Recommendation pur╜suant to which he recommended that the United States' motion for partial summary judgment (Doe. 19, Case No. C-1-96-1144) be granted, in part, and denied, in part. He further recommended that the King╜mans' motion to dismiss (Doe. 10, Case No. C-1-96-1183) be denied and that their amended complaint (Doe. 10, Case No. C╜1-96-1144) be dismissed with prejudice.

Neither party has objected to the rec╜ommendation with regard to the King╜mans' action against the United States, Case No. C-1-96-1144. Accordingly, the Court hereby ADOPTS that portion of the Report and Recommendation pursuant to which the Magistrate Judge recommended that the Kingmans' amended complaint be dismissed and the United States be grant╜ed summary judgment in that action. The action, Case No. C-1-96-1144, is CLOSED.

The Kingmans object to the Magistrate Judge's recommendation that their motion to dismiss the United States' action against them, Case No. C-1-96-1183, be denied. The basis for their objection is their contention that the federal income tax is unconstitutional. The Magistrate Judge has given that contention more at╜tention than it deserves. The Court finds no merit whatsoever to the Kingmans' ob╜jections, having considered the matter de novo (see Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b)). According╜ly, the Court hereby ADOPTS the Magis╜trate Judge's recommendation that the Kingmans' motion to dismiss Case No. C╜1-96-1183 be denied.

Pursuant to the Report and Recommen╜dation, which the Court hereby ADOPTS, the United States is entitled to judgment in the amount of $139,172.38 plus interest from the date of March 23, 1998. The United States is entitled to a lien upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to Eugene Kingman, the Defendant in Case No. C-1╜96-1183, including any interests he holds in the Brookline Avenue properties to which the Magistrate Judge has made ref╜erence. The United States' request for judicial sale of those properties is DE╜NIED subject to renewal.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

SHERMAN, United States Magistrate Judge.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION THAT:

(1) ═ THE GOVERNMENT'S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDG╜MENT (96-1144, DOC. 19) BE GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART;

(2) THE KINGMANS' MOTION TO DISMISS (96-1183, DOC. 10) BE DENIED; AND

(3) ═ THE KINGMANS' AMENDED COMPLAINT (96-1144, DOC. 10) BE DISMISSED WITH PREJU╜DICE

I. INTRODUCTION

These two consolidated cases concern the federal tax liability of Eugene L. Kingman for the 1984 taxable year and for the 1988 through 1993 taxable years. In the first case, filed pro se, Eugene L. Kingman and his spouse, Ida Kingman, claim that they are entitled to a tax refund due to their alleged overpayment of taxes. The Kingmans also seek a release of an Inter╜nal Revenue Service (IRS) levy upon Mr. Kingman's pension, back accounts, and real property. In the second case, the United States (hereafter, "the govern╜ment") seeks to reduce to Judgment Mr. Kingman's federal income tax liabilities and seeks to foreclose its federal tax liens against Mr. Kingman's interest in three parcels of real property.

This matter is before the Court upon the Kingmans' Statement and Response, which the Court construes in the Kingmans' fa╜vor as a Motion to Dismiss (96-1183; does. 10, 12), the government's Response (doe. 13), the government's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (96-1144; doe. 19, with attached exhibit book), Mr. King╜man's affidavit and the Kingmans' Re╜sponse (96-1144; does. 12, 22), and the government's Supplemental Memorandum (96-1144; doe. 26).

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A. ═ Motions To Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(6)

In ruling on a Motion to Dismiss under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, the factual allegations in the Com╜plaint must be taken as true and must be construed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff. Morgan v. Church's Fried Chicken, 829 F.2d 10, 12 (6th Cir.1987). Denial of the Motion is proper "unless it can be established beyond a doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in sup╜port of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Achterhof v. Selvaggio, 886 F.2d 826, 831 (6th Cir.1989)(citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-I6, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957)).

B. ═ Motions To Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(1)

In considering whether to dis╜miss a Complaint under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) due to the lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the plaintiff bears the burden of proving the existence of subject matter jurisdiction. Musson Theatrical, Inc. v. Federal Express Corp., 89 F.3d 1244, 1248 (6th Cir.1996). This burden of proof is not onerous. Id. The plaintiff "must show only that the complaint alleges a claim under federal law, and that the claim is 'substantial.' A federal claim is substan╜tial unless 'prior' decisions inescapably render [it] frivolous." Id. (quoting in part Transcontinental Leasing, Inc. v. Michi╜gan Nat. Bank of Detroit, 738 F.2d 163, 165 (6th Cir.1984)). "In short, when faced with a 12(b)(1) challenge to the face of a complaint, the plaintiff can survive the mo╜tion by showing any arguable basis in law for the claim made." Id.

C. ═ Motions For Summary Judgment

A Motion for Summary Judgment may be granted only if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Ca╜trett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). The Court must evaluate the evidence, and all infer╜ences drawn therefrom, in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Mat╜sushita Elec. Industrial Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio, 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986).

Summary judgment will not lie if the dispute about a material fact is "genu╜ine"; that is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-movant. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The Court's function is not to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matters asserted, but to determine if there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Id. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The relevant inquiry is whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagree╜ment to require submission to a jury, or whether the evidence is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law-. Id. at 251-52, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The Court is not duty bound to search the entire record in an effort to establish a lack of material facts. Guarino v. Brookfield Tp. Trustees, 980 F.2d 399, 404 (6th Cir.1992); InterRoyal Corp. v. Sponseller, 889 F.2d 108, 111 (6th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1091, 110 S.Ct. 1839, 108 L.Ed.2d 967 (1990). Rather, the burden is on the non╜moving party "to present affirmative evi╜dence to defeat a properly supported mo╜tion for summary judgment...," Street v. J.C. Bradford & Co., 886 F.2d 1472, 1479╜80 (6th Cir.1989), and to designate specific facts in dispute. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Guarino, 980 F.2d at 401. Because the Kingmans appear pro se, their Pleadings, Motions, and Memo╜randa must be liberally construed in their favor. Williams v. Browman, 981 F.2d 901, 903 (6th Cir.1992).

III. BACKGROUND

The government alleges that Mr. King╜man failed to file valid federal income tax returns and failed to report his income for the 1984 taxable year and for the 1988 through 1993 taxable years. Because of these failures, the IRS determined and assessed Mr. Kingman's tax liability for the 1984 taxable year and for the 1988 through 1993 taxable years pursuant to the deficiency procedures set forth in 26 U.S.C. ╖ 6212. ¹ The approximate total amount of amount of outstanding assess╜ment was $ 145,110.00. (96-1144; doc. 19 at 3-4).

***************

^1. The specific assessment amounts are set forth in the governments Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. (96-1183; doc. 19 at 3-╜4).

***************

Mr. Kingman petitioned the United States Tax Court regarding his tax returns for the taxable years 1984 through 1987. Kingman v. Comm. of Internal Revenue, T.C. Memo.1992-281, 63 T.C.M. (CCH) 3021, 1992 WL 101160 (U.S.Tax Ct., May 14, 1992). The Tax Court rejected Mr. Kingman's contentions that his wages were not subject to federal income tax, that the income tax is an excise tax, and that be was not a taxpayer. Id ., 1992 WL 101160 at 2. The Tax Court found Mr. Kingman liable for 1984 through 1987 income tax and penalties, and further levied a $10,000.00 penalty because "[t]he record in this case reflected] a pattern of delay and the continual, repeated, taking of frivolous and groundless positions." Id. at 3.

In January 1993 the IRS served admin╜istrative levies upon Mr. Kingman's bank accounts directing the levied banks to turn over all Mr. Kingman's property and rights to property that they possessed. In January and February 1993, the banks issued checks to the IRS in response to its levies in the approximate total amount of $38,307.00. (96-1144; doe. 19 at 5, and Exhs. 8-11).

On December 26, 1996, the government filed its Complaint (C-1-96-1183) seeking to reduce to Judgment Mr. Kingman's fed╜eral income tax liabilities for the 1984 tax╜able year and the 1988 through 1993 tax╜able years. The total amount of Mr. Kingman's federal income tax liability sought by the government equals $139,╜172.38 plus interest accrued after March 23, 1998. (96-1144; doc. 26 at 2 and Exh. A, Butts' Declaration ╤ 4).

The government alleges that Mr. King╜man owns a one-half interest in three par╜cels of property located at 3461, 3465-3467, and 3471 Brookline Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio. The government seeks an Order foreclosing its tax liens upon this property and requiring a judicial sale of this proper╜ty.

IV. OPINION

A. ═ The Government's Motion For Partial Summary Judgment Is Well Taken

1.

The Government's Tax Assessment

Should Be Reduced To

Judgment

The government correctly asserts that its Certificates of Assessments and Payments provide presumptive proof of the validity and timing of the tax assess╜ments against Mr. Kingman. See United States v. Janis, 428 U.S. 433, 440-41, 96 S.Ct. 3021, 49 L.Ed.2d 1046 (1976) (pre╜sumption of correctness applies to IRS assessment in refund suit). "The Commis╜sioner's determination of a tax deficiency is generally presumptively correct and the taxpayer has the burden of proving that the determination is erroneous or arbi╜trary." Kearns v. Comm. of Internal Rev╜enue, 979 F.2d 1176, 1178 (6th Cir.1992). The government's Certificates and the Declaration of the IRS's Robert A. Butts ² presumptively establish that Mr. Kingman has an unpaid federal tax liability totaling $139,172.38 plus interest from March 23, 1998. (Doc. 26 at 3 and Butts' affid. at 2).

**************

^2. Mr. Butts is a Special Procedures Staff Ad╜visor for the IRS. He works for the IRS Col╜lection Division. The government presented Mr. Butts' Declaration to confirm its position regarding the existence and amount of Mr. Kingman's federal tax liability. (Doc. 26, Butts' Declaration attached).

**************

The Kingmans have presented no evi╜dence creating a genuine issue of fact re╜garding the accuracy of the government's Certificates of Assessments and Payments or that the government's assessment of tax liability upon Mr. Kingman was arbitrary. Instead, the Kingmans merely present the unsupported assertion that the govern╜ment's Complaint is not supported by evi╜dence of Mr. Kingman's tax liability for the taxable years in question. This unsup╜ported assertion improperly ignores the existence of-and presumption. of correct╜ness attached to-the government's Certif╜icates of Assessments and Payments. Kearns, 979 F.2d at 1178. The Kingmans' unsupported assertion also fails to satisfy their burden at the summary-judgment stage to produce affirmative evidence cre╜ating a genuine issue of material fact. See Street, 886 F.2d at 1479.

Accordingly, the government is entitled to summary judgment upon its claim that Mr. Kingman has an unpaid federal tax liability totaling $139,172.38 plus interest from March 23, 1998.

2.

The Government's Tax Liens

Should Be Established

Section 6321 of the Internal Revenue Code provides:

If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same after demand, the amount (including any in╜terest, additional amount, addition to tax, or assessable penalty... ) shall be a lien in favor of the United States upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person.

26 U.S.C. ╖ 6321. "The statutory lan╜guage 'all property and rights to property,' appearing in ╖ 6321 . . . is broad and re╜veals on its face that Congress meant to reach every interest in property that a taxpayer might have." United States v. Nat. Bank of Commerce, 472 U.S. 713, 719-20, 105 S.Ct. 2919, 86 L.Ed.2d 565 (1985).

A federal tax lien generally arises "at the time the assessment is made and shall continue until the liability for the amount so assessed . . . is satisfied or becomes un╜enforceable by reason of lapse of time." 26 U.S.C.╖ 6322.

Federal tax liens are not self-╜executing. Nat. Bank of Commerce, 472 U.S. at 720, 105 S.Ct. 2919. "Affirmative action by the IRS is required to enforce collection of the unpaid taxes." Id. One statutory method allows the IRS to insti╜tute a lien foreclosure suit, as it has done in the instant case:

Section 7403(a) authorizes the institu╜tion of a civil action in federal district court to enforce a lien 'to subject any property, of whatever nature, of the de╜linquent, or in which he has any right, title or interest, to the payment of such tax.' Section 7403(b) provides: 'All per╜sons having liens upon or claiming any interest in the property involved in such action shall be made parties thereto.' The suit is a plenary action in which the court 'shall. . . adjudicate all matters in╜volved therein and finally determine the merits of all claims to and liens upon the property.'

Id. In the complete absence of probative evidence to the contrary, the government's Certificates of Assessment and Payment conclusively establish that Mr. Kingman was properly sent notice and demand for payment on the date of each assessment. (96-1144); (doc. 19, Exhs. l-7).

Accordingly, the government is entitled to a lien "upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, be╜longing to.. . " Mr. Kingman including any interest he holds in the Brookline Avenue properties. 26 U.S.C. ╖ 6321; see Nation╜al Bank of Commerce, 472 U.S. at 719-20, 105 S.Ct. 2919.

3.

The Government Has Not Established,

At This Point In The Litigation, That

It Is Entitled To A Judicial Sale

The government contends that it is enti╜tled to liens upon Mr. Kingman's purport╜ed one-half interest in the real property located at 3461, 3465-67, and 3471 Brook╜line Avenue in Cincinnati, Ohio. The gov╜ernment seeks an Order foreclosing these liens and requiring the judicial sales of those properties.

Construing the Kingmans' Amended Complaint liberally in their favor, Ms. Kingman seeks an Order protecting her claimed legal interest in the Brookline Av╜enue properties.

"Federal tax law 'creates no property rights but merely attaches conse╜quences, federally defined, to rights creat╜ed under state law.' Thus, in order to determine whether property is subject to a federal tax lien, 'state law controls in de╜termining the nature of the legal interest which the taxpayer had in the proper╜ty . . . .' '[O]nce it has been determined that state law creates sufficient interest in the [taxpayer] to satisfy the requirements of [the statute], state law is inoperative, and the tax consequences thenceforth are dic╜tated by federal law."' Craft v. United States, 140 F.3d 638, 641 (6th Cir.1998) (citations omitted)(original brackets).

Although the government has submitted copies of three Warranty Deeds to the Brookline Avenue properties, the govern╜ment has not presented evidence or au╜thority supporting its claim that these doc╜uments conclusively prove the existence of Mr. Kingman's present one-half interest in these properties. The need for such evi╜dence is particularly appropriate because two of these properties were apparently conveyed to the Kingmans more than four decades ago (in 1955 and 1953) and the other property was conveyed in 1973. The government has not presented any case law or analysis to support the assertion that under Ohio law, Mr. Kingman holds a one-half interest in the Brookline Avenue properties. Cf. Craft 140 F.3d at 641-12 (analyzing Michigan property law to deter╜mine what property rights husband held in a tenancy by entirety). Lastly, the gov╜ernment has not submitted case law or analysis supporting the proposition that a judicial sale is available under federal tax law when real property is partly owned by a delinquent taxpayer's spouse.

Accordingly, the government has not es╜tablished at this point in the litigation that it is entitled to an Order foreclosing its tax liens and requiring a judicial sale of the Kingmans' Brookline Avenue property. ³

****************

^3. The Court does not intend this conclusion to foreclose the government to so argue.

****************

B. ═ The Government Is Entitled To Summary Judgment On Plain╜tiff's Amended Complaint

The Kingmans' Amended Complaint in case number C-1-96-1144 fails for many reasons.

First, the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. ╖ 2201, prohibits the King╜mans from obtaining the relief they re╜quest-an Order declaring the govern╜ment's tax liens void. Although ╖ 2201 provides federal courts with the power to issue Declaratory Judgments, ╖ 2201 ex╜plicitly exempts cases "with respect to fed╜eral taxes." Flora v. United States, 362 U.S. 145, 164, 80 S.Ct. 630, 4 L.Ed.2d 623 (1960). The Kingmans' Amended Com╜plaint and Memoranda fail to assert facts which, if true, would surmount this bar.

Second, Mr. Kingman's claim for a refund fails due to the government's sover╜eign immunity from suit. United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 399, 96 S.Ct. 948, 47 L.Ed.2d 114 (1976). Because a waiver of sovereign immunity must be strictly con╜strued, unequivocally expressed, and can╜not be implied, see United States v. King, 395 U.S. 1, 4, 89 S.Ct. 1501, 23 L.Ed.2d 52 (1969), and because the Kingmans have failed to indicate how the government has waived its sovereign immunity in these cases, Mr. Kingman's claim for refund fails.

Third, no amount of refund is available to Mr. Kingman. The federal tax code limits the amount of refund-when no return has been filed-to "the portion of tax paid during the 2 years immediately preceding the filing of the claim." 26 U.S.C. ╖ 6511(b)(2)(B). It is undisputed that Mr. Kingman did not file a claim for refund until March 11, 1996 (at the earli╜est) more than three years after the IRS had received payments (in January and February 1993) from the banks pursuant to the IRS levies. See doc. 19 at 14 and Exhs. 8-11. Consequently, ╖ 6511(b)(2)(B) bars Mr. Kingman's claim for refund.

Fourth, to the extent Ms. King╜man brings a wrongful levy claim under 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7426, she was required to chal╜lenge the levy within nine months from the date of the levy. See 26 U.S.C. ╖ 6532(c)(1). Because the IRS served the bank levies at issue in January 1993, and because the Kingmans did not file this action until December 1996, any wrongful╜levy claim by Ms. Kingman is untimely as to the bank levies of January 1993.

Fifth, to the extent the Kingmans seek to enjoin the government from collecting Mr. Kingman's tax liabilities, their action is barred by 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7421(a), which states:

no suit for the purpose of restraining the assessment or collection of any tax shall be maintained in any court by any per╜son...

Two narrow exceptions exist to ╖ 7421(a): it is not applicable if the tax╜payer is certain to succeed on the merits and if the taxpayer demonstrates that the assessment will cause irreparable harm. Enochs v. Williams Packing & Navigation Co., 370 U.S. 1, 6-7, 82 S.Ct. 1125, 8 L.Ed.2d 292 (1962). Because the King╜mans have failed to create a genuine issue of fact regarding the existence of Mr. Kingman's tax liabilities in the years at issue, and because the Kingmans have failed to produce any evidence indicating that the collection would cause irreparable harm, any claim for injunctive relief in their Amended Complaint is barred by ╖ 7421(a). See id. at 6-7, 82 S.Ct. 1125.

Sixth, the tax court's final decision establishing Mr. Kingman's tax liability for the 1984 taxable year is res judicata and cannot be attacked in this subsequent pro╜ceeding. Boschma v. Cardoza, 460 F.2d 304, 305 (6th Cir.1972).

C. ═ The Kingmans' Motion To Dismiss Lacks Merit

The Kingmans contend that the Govern╜ment's Complaint in C-1-96-1183 should be dismissed for many reasons:

1. because this Court lacks jurisdiction over the government's Complaint,

2. because of the "invalidity of the so-╜called Complaint. . .,"

3. because the Complaint "does not state facts charging an offense of the law.. "

4. because "the Complaint... does not adduce any evidence of the... [the Kingmans] liability. . . ,"

5. because "[i]f the government has no competent evidence which would support legal conclusions, then it has no right to proceed against defendants. . . ,"

6. because "[i]ndirect taxes are never upon any kind of property or money, but only upon activities, and which the re╜sulting income from the activity is the measure of the tax...," and "[t]he in╜come tax is, therefore, not a tax on income as such. It is an excise tax with respect to certain activities and privi╜leges... The income is not the subject of the tax: it is the basis for determin╜ing the amount of tax .... The complaint fails to allege any taxable activity, and should be dismissed. . . "

(96-1183; doe. 10 at 1-2).

Mr. Kingman states in his affidavit that he has "not been engaged in any activities which are taxable for Federal income reve╜nue purposes. . . ," and he denies "being a taxpayer as defined in the Internal Reve╜nue Code. . . " Id. (aff. attached).

To the extent the Kingmans challenge the sufficiency of the government's factual allegations and legal claims, their Motion to Dismiss lacks merit. The govern╜ment's Complaint satisfies the notice pleading requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a) by setting forth factual allegations sufficient to state claims for relief under 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7403. The Complaint accom╜plishes this by alleging that Mr. Kingman has certain unpaid federal tax liabilities and that Mr. Kingman owns an interest in certain real properties specifically identi╜fied in the Complaint. The Complaint also seeks to reduce to Judgment Mr. Kingman's federal tax liabilities and as╜serts that Mr. Kingman's property should be subject to federal tax liens. These allegations and claim for relief are proper under 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7403.

This Court has subject matter jur╜isdiction over the government's Complaint to reduce to Judgment Mr. Kingman's fed╜eral income tax liabilities. See 28 U.S.C. ╖╖ 1340, 1345; 26 U.S.C. ╖ 7402; e.g., U.S. v. Berman, 825 F.2d 1053 (6th Cir.1987). Because the government's claims are sup╜ported by an arguable basis in law, its claims are not frivolous and are "substan╜tial" within the meaning of Musson Theat╜rical, Inc., 89 F.3d at 1248, and therefore its claims cannot be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

Regarding Mr. Kingman's assertion that he is not a taxpayer or that he has not engaged in activities subject to federal in╜come tax, these contentions lack merit. Mr. Kingman is a taxpayer whose wages are subject to federal income tax. See Martin v. C.I.R., 756 F.2d 38, 40 (6th Cir.1985); Perkins v. C.I.R. , 746 F.2d 1187, 1188 (6th Cir.1984).

Lastly, the Kingmans' theory-that the government's Complaint fails to allege any taxable activity "because income tax... is not a tax on income as such. It is an excise tax with respect to certain activities and privileges . . . The income is not the subject of the tax: it is the basis for determining the amount of tax ...."-has been repeatedly rejected by the courts. See United States v. Mundt, 29 F.3d 233, 237 (6th Cir.1994)("For seventy-five years the Supreme Court has recognized that the sixteenth amendment authorizes a di╜rect nonapportioned tax upon United States citizens throughout the nation. . . ") (citations omitted); see also Martin, 756 F.2d at 40 (citing Brushaber v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 240 U.S. 1, 36 S.Ct. 236, 60 L.Ed. 493 (1916)).

Accordingly, the Kingmans' Motion to Dismiss should be denied.

IT IS THEREFORE RECOMMENDED THAT

1. The government's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (C-1-96-1144; doe. 19) be granted in part and denied in part as follows:

(a) the government be granted sum╜mary judgment on its claim to reduce to Judgment Mr. Kingman's tax liabil╜ities for the 1984 taxable year and for the 1988 through 1993 taxable years, totaling $139,172.38 plus interest from March 23, 1998;

(b) the government be granted sum╜mary judgment on the claims raised in the Kingmans' Amended Complaint, and the Kingmans' Amended Com╜plaint (C-1-96-1144; doc. 10) should be dismissed with prejudice; and

(c) the government be denied sum╜mary judgment, at this point in the litigation, on its attempt to foreclose its federal tax liens against Mr. King╜man's interest in three parcels of real property.

2. The Kingmans' Motion to Dismiss (C-1-96-1183; doc. 10) be denied.

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